Overview of Colorectal Cancer and Treatment

In this article we're going to talk about colorectal cancer . This is an overview and introduction . Colorectal cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and is the commonest gastrointestinal malignancy . 

The prevalence of colorectal cancer is increasing in  the younger population and this could be attributed to diet. This is also the same with diverticular disease family history is strong. 

Risk Factors:

In colorectal cancer the risk factors for developing colorectal cancer include age ,male sex ,smoking ,family history . As we just discussed diet high in red meat and poor in fiber polyposis syndrome or FAPE . 

FAP and hnpcc or Lynch disease other risk factors also include history of polyps.  Certain types of polyps that is personal history of colon cancer and also having inflammatory conditions of the bowel including all sort of colitis and Crohn's disease.

The signs and symptoms or clinical presentation differ depending on where the cancer or growth occurs within the bowel of course this is just a summary.

Clinical Presentation:

People vary in their clinical presentation. So here I am drawing a colon ascending ,transverse, descending sigmoid and the rectum cancerous tumors that occur on the right side account for 20% of cases of colon cancer . People are often asymptomatic present with weight loss and iron deficiency . 

People also present with a palpable mass on their lower right quadrant of the abdomen and this is  because they are often asymptomatic and so the tumor can grow without notice until signs of weight loss and an anemia occurs .

Juma's Occuring in the Descending Sigmoid:

Juma's occuring in the descending sigmoid area account for the majority of colon cancer . 75% of cases patients can complain of dark red blood mixed in with stools plus - clots. There can be increased by frequency abdominal pain and bloating flatulence and mucus present .

Shuma  Occurring in Rectal Regions: 

Shuma is occurring in the rectal regions can present with deep red blood on the surface of the stool people can also have abdominal pain plus. Minus tenesmus you can imagine a growth in the rectum would cause sensation of incomplete evacuation. 

Tane Coli:

The colon is an amazing organ the general macroscopic differences between normal and cancerous . The colon have tane coli which are separate along with chewed on ribbons of smooth muscles . 

On the outside of the ascending , the transverse, the descending and a sigmoid colon.  The tane coli contract lengthwise to produce the host rock the bulges in the actual .

Arteries in Colon:

The colon is supplied by arteries that branch from the inferior . Mesenteric artery the inferior mesenteric artery , further branches into smaller arteries which nasty miserly with each other.  These have importance when part of the colon  is being resected.Because we want to maintain blood flow to the remainder of the colon . 

Angiogenesis:

When colon cancer occurs the tumors can obstruct the Lumen.  The chemical produced by the cancers can cause angiogenesis formation of new blood vessels which contribute to the bleeding found in colon cancer . So patients often present with rectal bleeding pathology colon cancer can come in a few pathological forms .

Polyploid Ulcerative:

Polyploid ulcerative still nursing and infiltrative at the end of the day these different pathological types can and will eventually lead to some formal instruction investigations. 

Investigation

The investigations performed for patients suspected of colon cancer or any form of mass includes an abdominal examination followed by upper rectal examination and this is done with the proc Tosca P to check for any of these masses and source of bleeding such as from internal hemorrhoids. 

Colonoscopy:

Colonoscopy is then considered which is under general anesthesia and involves the doctor inserting a colonoscope through the back passage and visualizing . The colon polyps can be taken out and sampled to check for malignancy barium enema.

Colonography :

Colonography  can also be performed. Finally you have blood investigations which include LFT FBC and the tumor marker for colon cancer CEA once and if the cancer is diagnosed . 

Stage the Cancer:

It is important to stage the cancer. Staging investigations used include biopsies ,CT scans and PET scans . For staging itself there are two forms of staging.

TNM Staging:

The first is the TNM staging which looks at T the primary tumor. N the lymph node and M  the metastasis .

Juke Staging:

The second form of staging is Juke staging which looks at the five-year survival and there are a total of four stages plus stage zero . Stage zero is nothing really in nine the remaining of the stages it depends on how deep the tumour is going . 

Percentages:

So what lay is it's going into and if it has metastasized . So stage zero there's a 90% five-year survival stage to the tumors growing even deeper. 70 percent five-year survival Stage three . About 30 percent stage four . It's less than ten percent five-year survival with metastasis management of colon cancer . 

Potentially Curative

Colon cancer is potentially curative with surgical resection of the colon . Collectively with also surgical resection of the lymph nodes . Lymphadenectomy surgical resection of the colon . 

Colectomy:

Colectomy is performed depending on where the tumor is located on the colon and when surgically removing parts of the colon is important to take into consideration the blood supply of that part of the colon as well as the lymph drainage of that part tumors that occur on the right side of the of the large intestine or the raw or in the right transit area requires a right hemicolectomy extended .

Schumer's:

Schumer's occurring on the left side require left hemicolectomy.

Jim:

Jim is occurring in the sigmoid and upper rectum requiring high anterior section tumors in the rectum require a PE are add abdominal hernia resection also . 

During this procedure some patients  may require having a temporary or even a permanent colostomy bag pouches which while others get the colon joined to the other pots to the remaining parts of the colon .

Adjuvant Chemotherapy:

Eventually of course together with colectomy , there is adjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy, chemotherapy usually involves a five-floor or uracil . If the cancer has metastasized that organ can be potentially removed and finally there is also palliative care .